Shevuos Daf 10 חג השבועות דַף 10

In the Mishnah, Rebbe Meir said: כל השעירים כפרתן שוה – the atonement of all goats is the same. All שעירים used for מוספין (שעיר החיצון, שעירי ר"ח, and שעירי רגלים) atone for טומאת מקדש וקדשיו, for any case without awareness beforehand, as well as a tahor who ate tamei kodashim. The Gemara first explains that Rebbe Meir darshens the extra "ו" of "ושעיר" to compare all שעירים to each other, but asks that there is no "ו" written by the שעירים of שבועות and Yom Kippur. Therefore, Rebbe Yonah explains Rebbe Meir’s derashah: "אלה תעשו לה' במועדיכם" – these you shall perform for Hashem on your appointed festivals, teaching: הוקשו כל המועדים כולן זה לזה – all the festivals are compared to each other (the Gemara demonstrates that even Rosh Chodesh is called a "מועד"). Rebbe Yochanan says that Rebbe Meir agrees regarding the שעיר הפנימי, שהוא אינו מכפר כפרתן – that it does not atone the atonements of [the שעירים of the various מוספין], והן אינן מכפרין כפרתו – and they do not atone its atonement (to “suspend” a transgression with awareness beforehand but not after, and he will become liable for a korban when he discovers his sin).

In the Mishnah, Rebbe Shimon said each type of שעיר has a unique atonement. The שעירי ר"ח atone for a tahor who ate tamei kodashim, the שעירי רגלים atone for טומאת מקדש וקדשיו with no awareness before or after, and the שעיר החיצון of יום כיפור atones for one with awareness (only) after. The Gemara explains why each שעיר has only one role. The שעירי ר"ח cannot effect the שעירי רגלים’s atonement, because the passuk about Rosh Chodesh says the singular "עון" – sin, teaching: עון אחד הוא נושא ואינו נושא שני עונות – it obtains forgiveness for one sin, but it does not obtain forgiveness for two types of sins. The שעירי רגלים cannot effect the שעירי ר"ח’s atonement, because the passuk about Rosh Chodesh says "אותה" –it (can provide forgiveness), teaching: אותה נושא עון ואין אחר נושא עון – it (the שעיר ר"ח) obtains forgiveness (for eating tamei kodashim), but no other obtains this forgiveness.

To explain why the שעירי רגלים cannot effect the atonement of the שעיר החיצון of Yom Kippur, nor vice versa, the two derashos from Daf 8b are quoted, which teach that Yom Kippur’s atonements are exclusive and singular. Although these derashos were written about the שעיר הפנימי, a hekesh compares the שעיר החיצון to the פנימי.

Ulla quoted Rebbe Yochanan: תמידין שלא הוצרכו לצבור – the [animals designated for the תמיד] which were not needed by the  public, נפדין תמימים – are redeemed even while they are unblemished. This refers to four lambs designated for the previous year’s תמידין, after Rosh Chodesh Nissan, when all communal korbanos must be funded by the new year’s shekalim. These are redeemed with chullin money, transferring their kedushah to that money, and then are repurchased using new shekalim.

Rabbah quoted this statement to Rav Chisda, who responded: מאן ציית לך ולר' יוחנן רבך – Who will listen to you, and to Rebbe Yochanan your teacher, for such a ruling? וכי קדושה שבהן להיכן הלכה – For where has their kedushah gone? Since they possessed קדושת הגוף – physical kedushah, they cannot be redeemed without a מום!? Rabbah objected, and do you not agree that even קדושת הגוף (of communal kodashim) can be redeemed, and we do not say “Where has their kedushah gone”?! But a Mishnah teaches that the yearly leftover קטורת is redeemed, and repurchased with the new year’s funds!?

This discussion continues on the next Daf.